The chapter discusses the contemporary tensions within citizenship as a substantive concept, focusing on the effects of migration on citizenship and utilising both the theoretical debates and empirical studies. Focusing on the experience of post-communist citizenship, we study which aspects of citizenship appear most relevant and which kind of message this conveys for citizenship and human rights. In order to develop a sustainable arrangement for a meaningful citizen status and agency in the age of migration, we need to ensure citizenship as a legal and political foundational status embedded and enacted meaningfully by the people in practice and fostered by the interactive state institutions in a way that enlarges the power and capacity of the involved actors.

Leif Kalev and Mari-Liis Jakobson, Citizenship, Post-Communism and the Age of Migration, Springer, 2020.