This chapter examines changes to the citizenship regimes in Germany and the Netherlands since the 1960s with a focus on their reluctance to recognise dual citizenship. Studies indicate that migrants from Turkey were unwilling to naturalise because they wanted to maintain their Turkish citizenship. In both Germany and the Netherlands dual citizenship was not possible upon regular naturalisation but reforms were made to allow children born there to acquire dual citizenship. This chapter shows that citizenship regimes can be reformed as a compromise between contending political parties even though there is a strong reaction to dual citizenship. This chapter contributes to the literature on citizenship by highlighting the dialectical and multi-actor process of amendments to citizenship laws. It is also relevant to the literature on Turkey’s diasporas because it shows the importance of formal inclusion in host states and the first generation’s challenges in contexts where dual citizenship is not formally recognised.

Zeynep Kadirbeyoglu, Migration and Citizenship Regimes in Europe: The Meandering Path to Dual Citizenship in Germany and the Netherlands, Routledge Handbook of Turkey’s Diasporas, 2024.